Atomic Number 84
Polonium (Po)
Group16
Period6
BlockP
State @ 25°CSolid
Valence Electrons6
Electron Config (Noble)[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4
84PoPolonium209
Tap related elements to compare trends across group and period.
Physical Properties
How this element behaves in real-world conditions.
- State (25°C)
- Solid
- Density
- 9.196 g/cm³
- Melting Point
- 254 °C
- Boiling Point
- 962 °C
Atomic Structure
Core identity and periodic table positioning.
Electromagnetic Properties
How this element attracts and exchanges electrons.
- Electronegativity
- 2
- Ionization Energy
- 8.417 eV
- Electron Affinity
- 1.9 eV
- Metallic Character
- Metalloid
Hero / Identity Section
Core identity profile for Polonium with periodic placement and electron context.
- Element Name
- Polonium
- Symbol
- Po
- Atomic Number
- 84
- Atomic Mass
- 209
- Group
- 16
- Period
- 6
- Block
- P
- Category
- Post Transition
- Standard State
- Solid
- Electron Configuration (Full)
- 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4
- Electron Configuration (Noble Gas)
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4
- Valence Electrons
- 6
Quick Facts Card (Table Layout)
Fast-reference values for physical and energetic properties.
Atomic Radius
168 pm
Ionic Radius
Not available in current dataset
Electronegativity (Pauling)
2
1st Ionization Energy
8.417 eV
Electron Affinity
1.9 eV
Density
9.196 g/cm³
Melting Point
254 °C
Boiling Point
962 °C
Heat Capacity
Not available in current dataset
Thermal Conductivity
Not available in current dataset
Visual Components
Visual learning views for table position, shells, orbitals, and phase behavior.
Highlighted Position in Periodic Table Grid
Po
Row 6, Column 16
Bohr Model Diagram
Po
Educational shell model for electron arrangement.
Electron Shell Diagram
- K shell2
- L shell8
- M shell18
- N shell32
- O shell18
- P shell6
Orbital Configuration Diagram
1s2/2
2s2/2
2p6/6
3s2/2
3p6/6
4s2/2
3d10/10
4p6/6
5s2/2
4d10/10
5p6/6
6s2/2
4f14/14
5d10/10
6p4/6
Phase Illustration
Solid
Solid lattice
Atomic Structure Section
Nuclear composition and electron shielding interpretation.
- Protons
- 84
- Neutrons (Most Abundant Isotope Estimate)
- 125
- Electrons
- 84
- Electron Configuration Breakdown
- 2 • 8 • 18 • 32 • 18 • 6
- Shielding Explanation
- Core electrons (~78) shield part of the nucleus, reducing attraction felt by outer electrons compared with the full nuclear charge.
- Effective Nuclear Charge (Estimate)
- 6
Chemical Properties Section
Category-guided chemistry behavior with periodic context for comparison.
- Common Oxidation States
- Variable, commonly lower positive states
- Reactivity Summary
- Generally less reactive than alkali/alkaline-earth metals; surface oxidation is common.
- Acid/Base Behavior
- Frequently forms amphoteric or weakly basic oxides.
- Bonding Behavior
- Can show metallic and ionic/covalent compound behavior.
- Typical Compounds
- Oxides, Chlorides, Organometallic derivatives
- Periodic Trend Comparison (Group Neighbors)
- Compared with Te, this element is lower in the group and typically has a larger atomic size and lower ionization tendency. Compared with Lv, this element is higher in the group and often shows a smaller radius with stronger effective attraction to valence electrons.
Isotopes & Nuclear Data
Isotope stability and abundance notes for learning-oriented nuclear context.
- Stable Isotopes
- No fully stable isotopes are known for this element.
- Radioactive Isotopes
- All known isotopes are radioactive.
- Natural Abundance (%)
- Usually trace-level or synthetic; natural abundance is limited.
- Half-life (If Applicable)
- Half-life varies by isotope and should be checked from isotope-specific references.
- Nuclear Spin (Optional Advanced)
- Advanced isotope-level data is not included in the current core dataset.
- Most Abundant Isotope (Estimate)
- Po-209
Applications & Uses
How this element appears in industry, biology, medicine, and technology.
- Industrial Uses
- Used in coatings, solders, semiconductors, and corrosion-resistant materials.
- Biological Role
- Limited essential biological role for most members.
- Medical Use
- Certain isotopes/compounds are used in imaging, shielding, and devices.
- Technological Relevance
- Useful in electronics, photovoltaics, and engineered materials.
- Environmental Impact
- Some members are persistent and can impact soil/water ecosystems.
Safety & Handling
General hazard guidance for educational reference and lab awareness.
- Toxicity
- Hazard profile varies widely; heavy-element compounds may present chronic risk.
- Flammability
- Elemental bulk forms are typically low flammability.
- Storage Considerations
- Control dust, prevent incompatible chemical contact, and use labeled containers.
- Regulatory Classification
- Compound-specific controls are common for toxic heavy-metal forms.